Dinamika Hubungan Parasosial dan Koping Emosional dalam Interaksi dengan AI: Kajian Literatur Sistematis

Irena Rambu Wasak Lodang; I Putu Agus Apriliana

doi:10.31602/jbkr.v12i1.23111

Penulis

Irena Rambu Wasak Lodang Universitas Nusa Cendana (UNDANA)
I Putu Agus Apriliana Universitas Nusa Cendana (UNDANA)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31602/jbkr.v12i1.23111

Kata Kunci:

Kecerdasan Buatan, Hubungan Parasosial, Koping Emosional

Abstrak

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the digital age has given rise to a new phenomenon: the use of AI as a confidant, which has the potential to influence individuals’ psychological well-being. Intensive interaction with AI can foster parasocial relationships—that is, an emotional closeness felt by users despite the absence of a real, reciprocal relationship. This phenomenon is also linked to emotional coping strategies, where individuals utilize AI to manage stress, loneliness, and psychological pressure. This study aims to examine the relationship between human-AI interaction, the formation of parasocial relationships, and their role in emotional coping among users, particularly the younger generation. The method employed is a Systematic Literature Review, analyzing various scientific literature from 2021 to 2025. The findings indicate that AI can provide temporary emotional support that helps enhance psychological well-being. However, excessive use may lead to emotional dependency and diminish the quality of direct social interactions. Additionally, factors such as loneliness, the need for a safe space, and ease of access to technology contribute to the intensity of AI usage. Therefore, the wise use of AI is necessary to ensure it continues to support mental health without displacing the role of real-world social relationships.

____________________________________________________________________

Perkembangan kecerdasan buatan (AI) dalam era digital telah memunculkan fenomena baru, yaitu penggunaan AI sebagai media curhat yang berpotensi memengaruhi kondisi psikologis individu. Interaksi yang intens dengan AI dapat membentuk hubungan parasosial, yaitu kedekatan emosional yang dirasakan pengguna meskipun tidak terjadi relasi timbal balik secara nyata. Fenomena ini juga berkaitan dengan strategi koping emosional, di mana individu memanfaatkan AI untuk mengelola stres, kesepian, dan tekanan psikologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara interaksi manusia dengan AI, pembentukan hubungan parasosial, serta perannya dalam koping emosional pada pengguna, khususnya generasi muda. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review dengan menganalisis berbagai literatur ilmiah dalam kurun waktu 2021–2025. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AI dapat memberikan dukungan emosional sementara yang membantu meningkatkan kenyamanan psikologis. Namun, penggunaan yang berlebihan berpotensi menimbulkan ketergantungan emosional dan mengurangi kualitas interaksi sosial secara langsung. Selain itu, faktor seperti kesepian, kebutuhan akan ruang aman, serta kemudahan akses teknologi turut mendorong intensitas penggunaan AI. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemanfaatan AI secara bijak agar tetap mendukung kesehatan mental tanpa menggeser peran hubungan sosial yang nyata.

Biografi Penulis

Irena Rambu Wasak Lodang, Universitas Nusa Cendana (UNDANA)

Universitas Nusa Cendana
MahasiswI Program Studi Bimbingan Dan Konseling

Referensi

Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Arifudin, M., Robbaniyah, I., & Ramadhan, I. (2024). Confiding through artificial intelligence: Studi fenomenologi pengguna Character.AI sebagai media koping emosional. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 21(2), 88–104.

Brandtzaeg, P. B., Skjuve, M., & Følstad, A. (2022). My AI friend: How users of a social chatbot understand their human–AI friendship. Human Communication Research, 48(3), 404–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqac008

Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310

Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

De Freitas, J., Uğuralp, A. K., Uğuralp, Z., & Puntoni, S. (2024). Chatbots and mental health: Insights into the safety of generative AI. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(3), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1393

Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A 'components' model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359

Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLOS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316

Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049

Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Pian, W. (2022). Chatbot as an emergency exit: Mediated empathy for resilience via human–AI interaction during COVID-19. Information Processing & Management, 59(6), 103074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103074

Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–32). Sage Publications.

Laestadius, L., Bishop, A., Gonzalez, M., Illenčík, D., & Campos-Castillo, C. (2024). Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika. New Media & Society, 26(10), 5923–5941. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142007

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.

Norsely, F., Arviani, H., & Achmad, Z. A. (2023). Pengalaman interaksi pengguna remaja curhat dengan ChatGPT. Komunikologi: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial, 7(2), 120–135. https://doi.org/10.30829/komunikologi.v7i2.16653

Nurkhairani, N. (2025). Menemukan kenyamanan dalam algoritma: Fenomena curhat ke AI dalam era digital. Tabularasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Psikologi, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.31289/tabularasa.v7i2.5801

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Gluud, C., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Putri, U. N., Nasution, N. B., & Andriyani, R. (2025). Eksplorasi artificial intelligence (AI) sebagai teman virtual: Dukungan emosional di era digital. JITSS: Journal of Innovation and Trend in Social Sciences, 1(3), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.63203/jitss.v1i3.168

Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press.

Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2022). A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies, 168, 102903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102903

Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2023). A longitudinal study of self-disclosure in human–chatbot relationships. Interacting with Computers, 35(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwad022

Sugiyono. (2016). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.

Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295

Yoseppin, M., Santoso, B., & Dewi, R. (2025). Fenomena chatbot AI sebagai teman curhat: Implikasi pada hubungan antarpribadi mahasiswa. Calathu: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 7(1), 45–60. https://journal.uc.ac.id/index.php/calathu/article/download/5376/3230

Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237